More than 9 billion people in less than 40 years. This estimate highlights a stark challenge for the global food system.
We have enough food for the roughly 7 billion people alive today, but nearly a billion are hungry or malnourished, mostly due to poverty and unequal distribution. To feed those who are currently hungry—and the additional 2 billion-plus people who will live on the planet by 2050—our best projections are that crop production will need to increase between 60 and 100 percent. “Business as usual” could lead to a doubling of demand for agricultural production.
If the population is growing by less than one-third, why would the overall demand double? Simply stated: more people with more money.
Meeting the problem through production alone won’t be enough, and Food Matters explores many alternatives that focus on reducing demand for food, like changing our diets and reducing food waste and loss. In this feature, we consider how increasing crop production can be part of the solution by examining its potential and limitations.
ROUGHLY TWO-THIRDS OF THE GROWING CROP-CALORIE DEMAND WILL RESULT FROM GROWING AFFLUENCE.
Photo: John Joh
What drives the demand?
Historically, demand for increased crop production was driven largely by wealthy countries in North America and Europe, and this population will be joined by an additional 3 to 4 billion people already on Earth who are getting wealthier, mostly in India and China. Richer people tend to want richer foods, including meat and dairy products. It’s likely that two-thirds of the growing crop calorie demand will result from growing affluence.
The UN estimates the world will have an additional 2 billion people by midcentury. Assuming a nutritionally adequate diet, this will require a roughly 28% increase in our food supply.
Adding to the pressure, roughly 9 percent of global crops are currently used to produce biofuels or other industrial products, contributing little to the world’s food supply.
- Growing Affluence: The world’s growing middle class will want more foods rich in meat and dairy.
- Population Growth: At minimum, 2 billion additional people will live on Earth by 2050
- Biofuels: The crop calories grown for bioenergy do not contribute to the world’s food supply.
DOUBLING CROP PRODUCTION WOULD REQUIRE CLEARING ~1 BILLION HECTARES OF LAND—MOSTLY RAINFORESTS AND SAVANNAS.
Boosting production isn’t enough
Global crop production increased substantially in recent decades. Studies of major crop groups (including cereals, oilseeds, fruits, and vegetables) indicate that production increased by roughly 47 percent between 1985 and 2005.
However, when you consider all 174 crops tracked by the Food and Agriculture Organization, global production increased by about 28 percent over that time period. This was achieved through three kinds of changes:
- Expansion of global croplands: During this period, the area of land in agriculture expanded by 2.4 percent.
- Increase in harvested land: The area of existing croplands harvested grew by 7 percent between 1985 and 2005. This change was due to improvements in multiple cropping, fewer crop failures, and less land left fallow.
- Increased crop yields: After accounting for the changes above, average global crop yields increased by about 20 percent.
Basic math tells us that to double the food supply by 2050 from increased crop production alone, yields will need to increase each year by roughly 2.4 percent of 2007 yields.
Further expansion of agriculture is a poor solution to meeting future needs because we’re using nearly all of the land that’s suitable for agriculture already. Relying on increased production alone—whether through increased yields or harvest frequency—will be an important solution, but not a sufficient one.
We can address at least part of the problem by growing more crops, but meeting the world’s needs by mid-century will require as much attention to our diets, reducing food waste, and improving food security worldwide.
The cost of expanding our footprint
If the world meets future crop demand as it has in the past, countries with low crop yields would increase production through clearing more agricultural land (expansion), while more wealthy nations with high yields would increase production through growing more crops on their existing agricultural land (intensification).
This approach to doubling food production by 2050 would require:
Applied Nitrogen
100 MT
2005
250 MT
2050
Annual CO2 Equivalents
1 GT
2005
3 GT
2050
150 megatons (150 x 106 tonnes) of nitrogen—the extra amount we would need to apply each year on top of what we already use—is more than 6 times the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied each year in China. And it’s almost 12 times the amount of nitrogen U.S. farmers use annually.
Meanwhile, a 2-gigaton (2 x 109 tonnes) rise in yearly CO2 equivalents would be greater than the annual emissions from every car, train, and plane in America.
We simply can’t afford to double food production this way. It would drive many animal species to extinction, raise greenhouse gas levels, compromise ecosystems, and pollute our waters.
JUST FOUR CROPS—MAIZE, RICE, WHEAT, AND SOYBEANS—PROVIDE TWO-THIRDS OF THE CALORIES WE HARVEST FROM FIELDS.
Photo: United Soybean Board
Future demand vs. current trends
In the next four decades, crop production will need to grow by 60 to 100 percent from 2005 levels, depending on assumptions. But the yields of major world crops are not rising fast enough to meet that demand.
Based on current crop yields, researchers suggest production could be boosted by roughly 67 percent for maize, 42 percent for rice, 38 percent for wheat, and 55 percent for soybeans.
Widespread stagnation of yields
Presenting yet another challenge, some yields for many of our most important crops are stagnating. Just four crops—maize, rice, wheat, and soybeans—provide two-thirds of the calories we harvest from fields. In many parts of the world, the yields for these crops are not rising.
A host of environmental and political forces are driving this widespread stagnation. In Southern Africa, Eastern Europe, and throughout much of Asia, a lack of fertilizer or irrigation water limits crops. In Africa, socioeconomic factors are the biggest driver. In Asia and Australia, factors including heat stress, high night temperatures, depleted soils, erosion, and disease contribute to a lack of yield growth. Additional challenges include competition for irrigation water and a lack of capital for other inputs.
In many places, boosting yields will require a mix of strategies beyond better supply of irrigation water and fertilizer, such as improved seed varieties, rebuilding degraded soils, and pest and weed control.
Key areas where production could be increased, bringing yields closer to their potential, include wheat in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, rice in South Asia, and maize in East Asia. In sub-Saharan Africa, yields of cassava, maize, and sugarcane could also be greatly improved.
Altogether, these trends mean we won’t be able to double crop production by 2050 through business-as-usual yield growth alone.
Threats to food security
Yield Trend
Based on the period between 1999 and 2008, both rice and wheat yields are languishing on more than one-third of the world’s harvested croplands.
In Asia, where most rice is grown, yields are stagnating across most of China and Indonesia’s rice-growing areas, and on about a third of rice croplands in India.
Nearly all of the breadbaskets of Western and Eastern Europe now have stagnating wheat yields, as do most wheat croplands in India and more than half of wheat-growing areas in Turkey and China.
In the United States, yields are flat in more than one-quarter of all wheat areas, mostly in the Great Plains region. While there is a greater proportion of maize and soybean areas where yields are improving, yields are stagnating in one-quarter to one-third of harvested areas for both of these crops as well.
CHANGING OUR DIETS TO DEPEND LESS ON RICH FOODS, ESPECIALLY RUMINANT MEAT, AND REDUCING FOOD WASTE, CAN REDUCE GLOBAL DEMAND FOR FOOD.
Photo: Sascha Kohlmann
Moving forward
How, then, will we close the gap between future food production and demand?
Experts observe large variation in yields around the world, even in areas with similar growing conditions. We could boost yields on underperforming lands by improving nutrient and water supplies to crops.
Helping farmers boost yields to within 75 percent of yields attained by top-performing farmers facing similar growing conditions would be enough to meet the basic calorie needs for about 2.8 billion people (eating a 2,700 calorie diet per day).
In many parts of the world, we must address problems with distribution, access to appropriate seed varieties, and market infrastructure.
Another way to reduce the gap is to better use the crops we already grow. Changing our diets to depend less on rich foods, especially ruminant meat, and curbing food waste, can reduce global demand for food. If fully embraced, these changes could have profound effects. Even smaller steps in this direction could have a significant impact.
To successfully close the gap, we’ll need to adopt a variety of innovative strategies. We must produce more crops, while more efficiently using the food we already grow.
Areas for improvement
Is there enough food for the future? Read on to learn about the details related to this challenge, and the many solutions that are already being practiced.
These solutions, implemented together, mean that we could produce enough food for the future, though the health of the environment and hunger depend on how we do that.
The good news? Many solutions are already here.
Credits: Barrett Colombo, Peder Engstrom, Deepak Ray, Andrew Urevig, Paul West. Design: smashLAB.
Environment Reports: Briefings on the most pressing environmental challenges facing the world today. Published by the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota, Environment Reports is a collaboration between an international group of scientists, writers, and designers to combine incisive narratives about environmental challenges… Read More
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